The oldest form of the Amida prayer, recited by Jews at every weekday service, included a curse against ‘Christians and heretics’. The old Palestinian version of the rite, used in the Ben Ezra Synagogue in the Middle Ages, constantly reminded the congregation of the dangers posed by Christians and other heretical sectarians. In modern versions the wording has been changed to instead curse ‘slanderers’ and ‘enemies’.

Hebrew, parchment, Palestine or Egypt, 10/11th century

T-S K27.33b